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Welcome to Allergic Rhinitis

Back Welcome to the EUFOREA patient portal, dedicated to everyone interested to learn more about Allergic Rhinitis, or AR for short. This portal was developed and reviewed by AR experts to provide you with high-quality, trustworthy information. Curious to know what our portal offers? Find out more in the text below or watch the introductory video by Dr. Jess. About the Disease: Basics of the condition. Symptoms: What are the typical symptoms, when to see your physician, and what are the symptoms that could indicate the presence of another disease that frequently occurs alongside AR? Preparing for your Consultation: Useful documents for your visit to a healthcare professional. Diagnosis: How the diagnosis of AR is made, with videos showcasing the diagnostic procedures. Lifestyle and Prevention: How to limit exposure to common allergens and other lifestyle and prevention measures that positively impact your health. Treatment: An overview of the most important treatment options. Patient Journey: Step-by-step process from managing AR on your own to getting specialised care. Patient Initiatives: Connect with fellow patients, share your disease journey, and more. FAQs: Most frequently asked questions on AR. Glossary: Difficult medical terms explained in easy-to-understand language.

Glossary

Back A Airways: Tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. Allergen: A substance (like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander) that can cause an allergic reaction in certain people. Allergen (specific) immunotherapy (AIT): A treatment that may help the body get used to allergens so it reacts less over time. Often given as injections or drops/pills under the tongue. Allergic conjunctivitis: an eye condition that happens when the tissue that lines the inside of the eyeslids and covers the white part of your eyes becomes inflamed due to an allergic reaction. Symptoms include intense itching, redness, and watery eyes. Allergic rhinitis (hay fever): An allergic reaction in the nose that can make you sneeze, have a runny or stuffy nose, and itchy/watery eyes. Often triggered by pollen, dust mites, or pets. Allergic shiners: discoloration of the skin beneath the eyes in some people with allergic rhinitis. Animal dander: lightweight flakes of dead skin shed by animals with fur or feathers (similar to dandruff in humans). These tiny particles can carry allergenic proteins that come from the animal’s saliva, urine, or skin glands. It is a common, year‑round allergen that can trigger allergic reactions in people who are sensitive to it. Anterior rhinoscopy: A quick exam where a doctor looks into the front part of your nose using a special tool (nasal speculum) to check for swelling, irritation, or nasal polyps. Antihistamines: medicines used to treat allergies by blocking the action of “histamine”, a chemical the body releases during an allergic reaction. They are available as tablets, nasal sprays, or eye drops. Anti-inflammatory: A term for medicines (like corticosteroids) or actions (like rinsing with salt water) that reduce swelling, redness, or irritation in the body. Asthma: A lung condition where the airways become inflamed and narrow, making it hard to breathe. People with allergic rhinitis and/or chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often have asthma too. Atopic dermatitis: a long‑lasting condition that makes the skin red, itchy, and inflamed, which can be uncomfortable. B C Chest symptoms: Issues such as coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, or tightness in the chest—often linked with lung conditions like asthma or COPD. Chronic: Means something that lasts a long time (often three months or more) or keeps coming back. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS): A condition defined by long-lasting inflammation inside the nose and sinuses, causing symptoms like a stuffy nose, runny nose, loss of smell, and facial pain. Comorbidities: Other conditions or diseases that occur at the same time as the main condition. For example, many people with CRS also have asthma or allergies. Cromones: medicines (such as cromolyn and nedocromil) that help prevent allergy symptoms by targeting certain immune cells and preventing them from releasing the substances that trigger allergic reactions. They are used to prevent—not quickly treat—conditions like allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. D Decongestant nasal sprays/drops: Medicines sprayed or dropped into the nose for quick relief of stuffiness. Safe only for short-term use (a few days) due to the risk of “rebound congestion” if overused. Decongestant pills (oral decongestants): Tablets (often containing pseudo-ephedrine) that help shrink swollen tissues in the nose. Used short-term only because the risks generally outweigh the benefits. For some people, it can be unsafe to take these pills. Diagnosis: The process where a doctor determines what health condition a person has. E Eczema: see ‘atopic dermatitis’. ENT doctor (Ear-Nose-Throat specialist): A doctor who specialises in conditions affecting the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an otolaryngologist. F Facial pain/pressure: An uncomfortable feeling in the face, forehead, or cheeks that can happen when sinuses are inflamed or blocked or due to nasal polyps. First-line treatments: The initial or standard treatments recommended by medical guidelines. For AR, these include saline rinses, nasal corticosteroid sprays and oral/nasal antihistamines. Food allergy: a condition where the immune system mistakenly thinks certain foods are harmful. Eating these foods can trigger an allergic reaction that may affect the skin, stomach and intestines, or breathing. G Genetics (Hereditary): Refers to the information passed down from parents to children through genes that can make some people more likely to develop certain conditions. H Hay fever: A term often used to describe allergic rhinitis. The term itself is confusing, because the condition is not caused by contact with hay, and there is no fever. Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction in the nose that can make you sneeze, have a runny or stuffy nose, and itchy/watery eyes. Often triggered by pollen, dust mites, or pets. House dust mite: Tiny insect-like pests found in household dust that can trigger allergies. I Immune system: Your body’s defence against infections and foreign substances. In some diseases, such as asthma, your immune system may overreact, causing ongoing inflammation. Inflammation: Swelling or irritation in the body’s tissues, often due to the immune system’s response to infection or irritants. Inherited: Refers to traits or a higher chance of developing certain conditions that are passed from parents to children through genes. -itis (suffix): A medical ending that means “inflammation.” Whenever you see “-itis” in a word (like rhinitis or sinusitis), it indicates that the tissue or organ named is swollen or inflamed. Irritant: A substance or environmental factor that can set off or worsen symptoms by irritating the airways. J K L Leukotriene modifiers (also called leukotriene receptor antagonists LTRAs): Oral medicines that block “leukotrienes”, chemicals in the body that contribute to allergy and asthma symptoms. In allergic rhinitis, they are used only as an add‑on treatment for people who have both asthma and allergic rhinitis. M Mucosa: A moist, protective lining inside body passages like the nose, sinuses, and mouth. In allergic rhinitis, the nasal lining becomes inflamed, leading to symptoms like nasal congestion and a runny nose. Mucus: The slippery fluid produced by your nose and sinuses to trap dirt and germs. When there is too much mucus or when it’s thick, it can cause a runny nose and mucus dripping down the back of the throat (called postnasal drip). N Nasal: Refers to anything

Common questions

Back Our FAQs address detailed and common questions about Allergic Rhinitis. If you still have unanswered questions after reviewing this portal, feel free to contact our team at contact@euforea.org. Please note that we cannot answer personal inquiries. FAQ How is allergic rhinitis diagnosed? In primary care, your pharmacist or GP usually starts by assessing if your symptoms are suggestive of allergic rhinitis, and trying a suitable medication. If your symptoms don’t improve enough, allergy testing may be recommended. This can be done with a skin prick test (placing tiny drops of allergens on your forearm and checking the reaction after 15 minutes) or with a blood test. Test results are always interpreted together with your symptom history (a positive allergy test alone is not enough). The timing and pattern of your symptoms must also match the identified allergen to make a clear diagnosis. What can influence the severity of the allergy season? Weather plays an important role in both the timing and severity of allergy season. As global warming changes temperature and rainfall patterns, pollen allergies are being affected in several ways. Warmer weather throughout the year, especially milder winters, allows trees to start growing and releasing pollen earlier in the spring. In the fall, pollen lingers longer because temperatures take more time to drop.Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (a major greenhouse gas driving climate change) are contributing to increased pollen production. Altogether, these changes mean that pollen allergy season now lasts longer, and symptoms may be more intense.For people with allergy to mould spores, warmer and more humid conditions create an environment where mould can grow more easily. What are some over-the-counter medications for allergic rhinitis? The availability of over-the-counter medicines for allergic rhinitis varies by country, but common options typically include nasal corticosteroids and oral/nasal antihistamines. If you also experience eye symptoms, over-the-counter eye drops such as antihistamine or cromolyn drops, may provide relief. Ask your local pharmacist for advice on which treatment option is the most suitable for you. Can I move somewhere to escape my allergies? If you’re thinking about moving to a different climate to avoid allergies, it’s important to know that this rarely helps, as allergens are present almost everywhere. Some allergens are ubiquitous, such as animal dander and house dust mite, whereas others – pollens in particular – differ depending on location. You could move to escape specific pollen allergies, but you typically have to go a long way, such as from a temperate to a tropical/sub-tropical climate, to completely escape these allergens. Additionally, you may – over time – develop new allergies to pollens in the new environment.What may be possible is to escape your pollen season by a well-planned holiday. Can I keep/hold a pet if I’m allergic? Managing allergies when animals are around can be difficult, especially if you are allergic to one or more of the pets. Animal allergens spread easily through the air and can stick to clothing, furniture and carpets. This means that even just being in a room where a pet has been can trigger symptoms such as sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, or a runny noseIf you’re planning to visit someone who has a pet, it may help to take a fast acting allergy medication beforehand. These medicines can reduce symptoms from occasional exposure.If you don’t currently own a pet and you are allergic to animal dander (for example cat or dog), it’s strongly advised not to get a pet, as this can make your allergy much harder to control. If you already have a pet, the most effective way to improve your symptoms is unfortunately to remove the animal from your home. We know this can be an emotional and difficult decision, and many people choose to keep their pet. If that’s your situation, it becomes especially important to reduce your exposure to pet dander, saliva and urine as much as possible. Learn more about this here. Can allergic rhinitis lead to other diseases? Allergic rhinitis can increase the chance of developing other conditions, such as asthma, eustachian tube problems (which can cause ear pressure or ear infections), chronic rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. If you notice new or unusual symptoms in addition to your typical allergy symptoms, it’s important to discuss them with your healthcare provider. They can check for these related conditions, which often occur alongside allergic rhinitis.Getting your allergies well-controlled can lower the risk of these problems developing or getting worse. That’s why it’s important to work with your healthcare provider to find the treatment plan that best manages your symptoms. When should I see a doctor for allergic rhinitis? If you are experiencing symptoms suggestive of allergic rhinitis but have not yet started treatment, you can either begin by self-managing your symptoms with support from your pharmacist or choose to visit your general practitioner (GP) directly for diagnosis and treatment. Your pharmacist may also refer you to your GP immediately if your symptoms indicate a need for medical attention.If you have already tried over the counter treatments and your symptoms are still bothersome, it is time to see a doctor. Your healthcare provider will confirm the diagnosis, screen for other conditions that commonly occur alongside allergic rhinitis, and offer a personalised treatment plan. What is the difference between seasonal allergies and perennial allergies? Seasonal allergies cause symptoms only at certain times of the year. They typically occur in the spring, summer, or early autumn and are triggered by pollen from trees, grasses, or weeds.Perennial allergens can cause symptoms throughout the whole year since they are constantly present in the environment. However increased indoor exposure in winter may cause more noticeable symptoms then. Examples are house dust mites, cockroaches, and animal dander. Whenever I eat an apple, my mouth gets itchy. Does that mean I might be allergic to something in it or to tree pollen? You might be affected by something called pollen food allergy syndrome, also called oral allergy syndrome. It is considered a type of food

AR Patient Initiatives

Back Patient initiatives Every patient’s and carer’s experience is unique, and every story matters.Here, you can explore the initiatives that bring the community of people affected by allergic rhinitis together, highlight patient voices, and shine a light on what it means to live or care for someone with this disease. Be inspired by the journeys, ideas, and efforts of patients and carers shaping the conversation around allergies every day. Your voice matters! Be part of the conversation and make a real impact for people living with airway diseases. Visit our Get Involved page to discover opportunities to share your experiences, contribute to surveys, advisory boards and other activities with EUFOREA. Patient Stories & Testimonials COMING SOON! Stay tuned! World allergy week The World Allergy Organization (WAO) hosts World Allergy Week, an annual global campagin to raise awareness about allergies and their impact. The theme of World Allergy Week 2026 (21-27 June) is “Allergy Care is Essential Care”. Patient Advisory Board At EUFOREA, one of our key goals is to bring stakeholders together, and our Patient Advisory Board is a great example of this mission in action.With quarterly meetings, the Advisory Board brings patients together to discuss the latest trends in allergic rhinitis and other airway diseases. It’s not just about connecting with others who understand what you’re going through—it’s also about making a real difference in care. In fact, this very Patient Portal you’re using is one of the outcomes of these discussions!The Advisory Board focuses on unmet needs and how allergic rhinitis affects daily life, ensuring patient voices are at the center of improving care and support. By working together, we’re driving meaningful change for the entire community of people affected by allergies and other airway diseases. Patient Advisory Board 20km run for airway diseases If you are living near Brussels (Belgium), you might consider joining our EUFOREA Delegation to run for allergic rhinitis and other airway diseases on May 31, 2026! As part of the team, EUFOREA will sponsor your entry fee, and you’ll receive a colourful EUFOREA jersey. For more practical details, visit the organiser’s website for the 20km Run of Brussels. Click the image below to join the EUFOREA delegation! Become a patient expert Join us in Brussels for a unique one-day patient course dedicated to people living with airway diseases (asthma, COPD, respiratory allergies and chronic sinus disease). Demystify your disease, learn how to master your therapies and take control of your own journey! After completing the program, you’ll receive an official Patient Expert Certificate issued by the European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy & Airway Diseases (EUFOREA). Free participation – including lunch and two coffee breaks Experience the historic atmosphere of the Royal Academy of Medicine Connect with fellow patients and top faculty Language: English Seats are limited. First come, first served.We look forward to welcoming you in Brussels! Join us! Patient organisations Find reliable patient organisations Explore organisations that provide disease-specific information, updates on patient initiatives, and ways to stay connected with fellow patients with allergic rhinitis. Disclaimer This website does not provide medical advice. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images, and other material contained on this website is for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider. EUFOREA is not a medical organisation and cannot provide specific medical advice to patients via the Internet and/or E-mail. All patients are encouraged to direct their specific questions to their personal physicians. EUFOREA presents this information to patients so that patients can understand and participate in their own medical care. EUFOREA strongly emphasises that the information contained on this website is not a substitute for thorough evaluation and treatment by a qualified healthcare provider. Copyright © 2025 – EUFOREA – All rights reserved. All content on this portal, such as text, graphics, logos and images, is the property of EUFOREA. They may not be reproduced, copied, published, stored, modified or used in any form, online or offline, without prior written permission of EUFOREA. Overview Patient initiativesPatient Stories & TestimonialsWorld allergy weekPatient Advisory Board20km run for airway diseasesBecome a patient expertPatient organisations

AR Patient Journey

Back Patient Journey Understanding the different steps of your allergic rhinitis care journey can feel complicated sometimes. What can you expect from your healthcare provider at each stage? What treatment options might be available to you? This module breaks your patient journey into clear phases and guides you through each one.The information below covers care at both the primary care level (pharmacist care and your family doctor/general practitioner) and the specialist care level. For the best experience, we recommend reviewing the earlier modules on this Patient Portal to become familiar with key terms. You can also consult our Glossary for additional support.No matter where you are in your allergic rhinitis journey, some parts of care remain important at every stage. A key element is self‑management. Avoiding the allergens that trigger your symptoms is one of the most effective steps you can take yourself. Nasal saline rinses are another simple, non‑medication option you can use anytime to help wash allergens out of your nose and relieve congestion.When you see a healthcare provider, they will help you understand your condition, explain which treatments are right for you at that moment, and show you how to use them correctly. Most importantly, every decision about your care should be made through shared decision‑making. Your preferences, experiences, and goals matter — and your voice should always be part of the plan. Step 1: Self-management and pharmacy care If you experience two or more symptoms, suggestive of allergic rhinitis (hay fever), for at least one hour a day on most days, this step helps you take action. If you haven’t seen a healthcare professional and don’t have any “red-flag” symptoms, start with self-management supported by pharmacy care. Your pharmacist can help you establish whether your symptoms are indeed suggestive of allergic rhinitis and offer guidance on nasal saline rinsing and first-line, over-the-counter treatment options. To help you decide which treatment option is the most appropriate one for you, it’s important to discuss when you are experiencing symptoms and how severe they are.In the figure below, we talk about symptom frequency (‘intermittent’, ‘persistent’) and intensity (‘mild’, ‘moderate to severe’). Learn more about this classification here.Your pharmacist will also monitor for other health conditions that often occur alongside allergic rhinitis, known as comorbidities, and will advise you to see your GP if needed. Step 2: General practitioner/family doctor When you experience symptoms of allergic rhinitis, you may choose to skip self management or pharmacy care altogether and immediately visit your GP to discuss your symptoms. Your pharmacist may also refer you if your symptoms are not suggestive of allergic rhinitis or if you present with any “red flag” symptoms. Additionally, if the first line treatment options recommended by your pharmacist do not adequately control your symptoms, it is also time to consult your GP.Your GP will ask you several questions and may propose specific tests, such as a blood test or skin prick testing if the necessary equipment is available in the practice. They will then create a clear treatment plan tailored to your needs. Get optimally prepared for this first visit with our “How to Prepare for Your Consultation” PDF. Your healthcare provider will also be on the look-out for symptoms of other conditions that often occur alongside allergic rhinitis.If you have already tried first-line treatment, your GP will explore how you have used the treatment (as-needed versus continuous use) and if your technique is right, in case of nasal sprays or eye drops. Step 3: Referral to Specialist care If your symptoms haven’t improved after a reasonable amount of time—even after your treatment plan has been adjusted—and you’ve been taking your medication correctly and on time, it’s time to see a specialist. In some countries, you may need a referral from your GP to make that appointment. A specialist will confirm your allergic rhinitis diagnosis with additional tests and rule out other possible conditions to ensure you get the right treatment. The specialist can provide more advanced, tailored treatment options to meet your specific needs, such as allergen immunotherapy.If you show signs of other health conditions that often occur alongside allergic rhinitis—called comorbidities—you may also be referred to a different type of specialist. For example, you might need to see a lung specialist (pulmonologist) or a dermatologist. Download the infographic (step 1 to 3) Disclaimer This website does not provide medical advice. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images, and other material contained on this website is for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider. EUFOREA is not a medical organisation and cannot provide specific medical advice to patients via the Internet and/or E-mail. All patients are encouraged to direct their specific questions to their personal physicians. EUFOREA presents this information to patients so that patients can understand and participate in their own medical care. EUFOREA strongly emphasises that the information contained on this website is not a substitute for thorough evaluation and treatment by a qualified healthcare provider. Copyright © 2025 – EUFOREA – All rights reserved. All content on this portal, such as text, graphics, logos and images, is the property of EUFOREA. They may not be reproduced, copied, published, stored, modified or used in any form, online or offline, without prior written permission of EUFOREA. Overview Step 1: Self-management and pharmacy careStep 2: General practitioner/family doctorStep 3: Referral to Specialist care

Treatment

Back Aims of treatment At present, the goal of allergic rhinitis treatment is to control symptoms, as a complete cure is rarely available. However, for people whose symptoms are not adequately managed with standard treatments, allergen immunotherapy may be an option. This is currently the only treatment shown to alter the course of the disease, away from allergy and towards tolerance of the allergen(s) triggering the symptoms. Your healthcare provider will work with you to review your symptoms and to adjust your treatment plan accordingly. To see how well your symptoms are under control, your healthcare provider may ask you to keep a symptom diary at home, either on paper or in an app (for example: MaskAir app). This helps your doctor adjust your treatment so you can get the most benefit from your therapy. Nasal saline rinse Washing out the nose with saline after allergen exposure also helps. Nasal rinsing with saline (salt water) is an effective, low-risk, inexpensive, non-pharmacological treatment option for managing allergic rhinitis symptoms in adults and children. Nasal rinsing can: Help clear out your nasal passages and sinuses Help prevent secretions from dripping into your throat Wash away allergens and irritants that might be making your symptoms worse Using a rinse 15 minutes before applying other medications to your nose (like corticosteroid sprays) can also help those medicines work better by allowing them to reach the inside of your nose more effectively.Nasal rinsing with saline has few side effects, except that you need to learn how to do it properly to avoid discomfort. Nasal rinsing can be safely done every day. You can learn how to make your own saline solution, explore the different rinsing devices available, and follow step by step instructions for using each type of device. We’ve also created a helpful video with tips and tricks on how to care for and maintain your nasal rinsing equipment. It is important to use clean water. In some countries, it is safe to use tap water.However, always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions and, in case of doubt, use commercially bottled still water, distilled water, or previously boiled and cooled down tap water to prepare the saline solution. https://youtu.be/x16GGU73Pvohttps://youtu.be/h-e4PUPMAa4https://youtu.be/aPJIStLvhXchttps://youtu.be/rwCGpCaEfnA You can download your own copy of our nasal rinsing leaflet to keep nearby when performing rinses at home. It will guide you through the process and help you get the most out of this treatment. Download the guide Download de gids Télécharger le guide Nasal sprays Nasal corticosteroids (examples: mometasone, fluticasone, ciclesonide) Nasal corticosteroid sprays are an effective, and first-line treatment option for easing the nasal and eye symptoms caused by allergic rhinitis. They reduce nasal congestion and are considered the preferred option for long term symptom control. Studies have shown that nasal corticosteroid sprays are more effective than oral antihistamines for symptom relief, and they provide relief of symptoms for a lot of people. Some nasal corticosteroid sprays are available over-the-counter, while others require a prescription. Nasal corticosteroid sprays:• Reduce inflammation inside your nose• Reduce stuffiness, runny nose, itching and sneezing over time• Reduce eye symptoms that are often associated with allergic rhinitis Consistent use is important, as these sprays do not provide immediate relief. It can take up to two weeks for the nasal spray to work fully. If your symptoms are very strong at the beginning, you may need an additional medicine, such as a nasal antihistamine, for a short time until the nasal corticosteroid reaches its full effect. Maximal effect is achieved with daily use. If you find it difficult to remember your nasal spray, try keeping it next to your toothbrush or linking it to another daily routine so you don’t forget.Because of how these medicines work, they are not very helpful for one off or occasional allergen exposure. For example, if you’re allergic to animal dander, this type of treatment won’t give quick relief when visiting someone who has pets. Antihistamines would be more appropriate in this case.Corticosteroid sprays are safe to use in the long term. Some people can experience side effects like irritation, nose bleeding or nasal dryness. However, a correct spraying technique can prevent most of the discomfort. Learn how to use your nasal spray the right way. This helps it work better and reduces the chance of side effects. Some 70 % of AR sufferers referred to a tertiary centre were satisfied with their nasal corticosteroid treatment once that had been shown how to use it correctly and did so regularly in the long term.The different types of sprays differ with regard to the frequency of doses, the spray device used, and the cost, but all are similarly effective for treating all of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.It is best to use those that need once daily application with least corticosteroid absorption i.e.: fluticasone propionate and furoate, mometasone furoate and ciclesonide- especially in children, in long term use and in patients with asthma or eczema who may be using corticosteroid elsewhere. Download the guide Download the guide Download the guide https://youtu.be/f9w38AVhS7s Nasal antihistamines (examples: azelastine, olopatadine) Antihistamine nasal sprays can be used twice every day or only when you need them, such as during occasional exposure to allergens. They start working within minutes. While they help relieve symptoms like a runny nose, nasal itch, and sneezing, they are less effective at relieving nasal congestion. Nasal antihistamine sprays are more effective than antihistamine tablets, work within 15 minutes and very safe when used as directed. The most common side effect is an unpleasant taste, which can usually be avoided by using the correct nasal spray technique. Gargling some ten minutes after use can help. Combination nasal sprays (azelastine/fluticasone, olopatadine/mometasone,) Nasal sprays that combine a corticosteroid with an antihistamine often relieve allergic‑rhinitis symptoms better than using either type of spray on its own. They are usually considered a second‑line treatment, meaning they are used when a single medicine does not provide enough symptom control. These combination sprays are more expensive and depending on where you live,

Lifestyle & Prevention

Back Allergy-specific lifestyle and prevention measures A key part of managing allergic rhinitis is reducing how much you’re exposed to things that trigger your symptoms. In some cases, it is easy to identify what triggers your symptoms, based upon when your symptoms develop. For example, after exposure to a pet at your friend’s house or during a particular season. However, for people that are affected by year-round symptoms, it may be more difficult to identify what exactly is triggering their symptoms. It’s important to realise that you may not be able to avoid every trigger, but there are simple steps you can take to limit exposure depending on what you’re allergic to. https://youtu.be/ABvt9Bv0QdQ Outside allergens, such as pollen, plant material, outdoor mould: Depending on which type of pollen you’re allergic to, your allergic rhinitis symptoms will happen at different times of the year. Check a pollen calendar or a pollen forecast to keep track and apply following measures to reduce your exposure: Stay indoors when pollen count is high or wear a mask Avoid letting your clothes or bedding dry outside Close the windows of the car and home, stay indoors when possible, and use air conditioning to filter the air during times of peak symptoms Avoid activities with high exposure, such as grass cutting or wood cutting, or wear a high-quality mask Take off your clothes after being outside, and take a shower before going to bed to wash away allergens from your hair and skin Avoid grassy areas when possible House dust mites: Mites love the humidity in the atmosphere and they feed on organic matter, such as shed human skin. Optimal living conditions for them include sufficient humidity and nests to live in, even though you can’t see them with the naked eye. You can reduce exposure to dust mites by implementing following strategies: Allergy-proof covers for mattresses, duvets and pillows. Damp wipe these when you change the bed. Wash sheets weekly at 60°C (=140°F) or dry the bedding in the dryer on the hot setting. Keep humidity levels below 50%, where possible, by ventilating the rooms. Avoid carpet and curtains and choose blinds that can easily be wiped clean Minimize the presence of cushions and stuffed animals: wash, freeze them or vacuum them often Use a vacuum cleaner with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter or UV light or use a steam cleaner. Pets: Contrary to popular belief, it’s not an animal’s fur but its dander (dead skin cells or scales, similar to dandruff in humans) that triggers allergies. If you own a pet, you may be advised to rehome it. However, many people find it very difficult to part with a beloved companion. In that case, you can try to reduce your exposure by taking the following measures: Keep the pet out of the bedroom, as this is a room where you will be spending a lot of time in Use a vacuum cleaner with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter Wash your hands and change clothes after close contact Wash your pet regularly Ask someone else to groom the pet Frequently wash bedding and soft furnishings that come in touch with the pet Do not replace the pet if it goes. Occupational Allergy: If your symptoms occur mainly at work, easing off when you are away for a day or two, only to worsen when you return, then you should report this and see your occupational health adviser. General health measures Active or Passive Smoking/Vaping: Smoke irritates your sinuses and airways, worsening symptoms. Speak with your doctor about resources to help you quit. Alcohol: Some patients find alcohol exacerbates symptoms, leading to blocked or stuffy nose. While not an allergy, alcohol intolerance can mimic similar effects. Recreational Drug Use: Snorting drugs can damage your nose and sinuses. If you’re struggling with this, talk to your doctor for support and guidance. Nasal saline rinsing: Nasal saline rinsing is effective at washing out allergens, mucus, and irritants from your nose, which can ease congestion and sneezing. It’s a simple, safe home remedy that can make your nose feel clearer and improve your allergy symptoms. Find out how to use your nasal saline rinsing the right way here. Disclaimer This website does not provide medical advice. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images, and other material contained on this website is for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider. EUFOREA is not a medical organisation and cannot provide specific medical advice to patients via the Internet and/or E-mail. All patients are encouraged to direct their specific questions to their personal physicians. EUFOREA presents this information to patients so that patients can understand and participate in their own medical care. EUFOREA strongly emphasises that the information contained on this website is not a substitute for thorough evaluation and treatment by a qualified healthcare provider. Copyright © 2025 – EUFOREA – All rights reserved. All content on this portal, such as text, graphics, logos and images, is the property of EUFOREA. They may not be reproduced, copied, published, stored, modified or used in any form, online or offline, without prior written permission of EUFOREA. Overview Allergy-specific lifestyle and prevention measures Outside allergens, such as pollen, plant material, outdoor mould House dust mites Pets Occupational Allergy General health measures

Diagnosis

Back How does your GP diagnose allergic rhinitis? To diagnose allergic rhinitis, your healthcare provider will ask you a range of questions, perform a physical exam, and some may also offer specific tests to diagnose the condition (depending on the availability of the materials in their office). Your provider may also refer you to a specialist for additional testing, but this is usually only needed when the diagnosis is not clear or when treatment fails.To feel optimally prepared for your first consultation, check out our PDF guide here. What your GP might do/propose: Ask about your symptoms and triggers: Your doctor will talk with you to understand what symptoms you’re experiencing and whether you’ve noticed anything that might be triggering them. They may ask where you were and what you were doing when the symptoms began, and whether they follow a seasonal pattern or occur all year round. Observe: In addition to listening to your description of symptoms, the doctor will also look at your face for physical signs that may suggest allergic rhinitis or allergic conjunctivitis. They may check for watery or red eyes, a runny nose, dark circles under the eyes (“allergic shiners”), and other visible features that can help them understand what’s going on. Test for allergies: This can be done via a blood test or via skin prick testing, depending on availability. Both look for IgE antibodies to specific allergens. For a skin prick test, your healthcare provider places small drops of different allergens on your forearm and lightly pricks the skin beneath each drop. After 15 minutes, they check for a reaction. If you’re allergic to a particular allergen, the skin around that spot will typically become red, itchy, and slightly swollen. If you take oral antihistamines, your healthcare team will let you know how many days before your appointment you need to stop them. If antihistamines are not stopped in time, the skin prick test may not work properly. https://youtu.be/AUrop5SGwiYhttps://youtu.be/bHChd2LCc_0 Look inside your nose: sometimes your doctor will use a special tool to check the front part of your nose. This is called an anterior rhinoscopy. It helps them see if the thin layer of tissue inside your nose (called the lining) is swollen, irritated, or damaged. They will also check for growths, like nasal polyps. Check your ears: sometimes the GP uses an otoscope (a small lighted device for looking inside the ears) to check the ear canal, the eardrum, and the middle ear. This helps the doctor see signs of problems such as eustachian tube dysfunction (which can be triggered by allergies) or ear infections How does a specialist diagnose allergic rhinitis? Specialists, like an allergist or ear-nose-throat (ENT) doctor may perform more advanced tests to confirm your diagnosis and find out what’s causing your symptoms. They may also repeat some tests already done by your GP. Test for allergies: This can be done via a blood allergy test or via skin prick testing (see above). Nasal allergen challenge: This is a test used to find out whether your nose reacts to certain allergens. It can help diagnose seasonal allergies, year round allergies, “local allergic rhinitis” (a type of allergy that doesn’t show up on skin or blood tests but only inside the nose), and allergies related to your workplace. Sometimes it is also done before starting allergen immunotherapy when someone is allergic to many different things. During this test, small amounts of allergens are placed inside your nose, and your symptoms and reactions are closely monitored. Your provider may also explore whether you also have one or more other diseases that frequently occur alongside allergic rhinitis. This can be done by asking you specific questions and by performing or ordering additional tests. These may include: Nasal endoscopy: A thin camera is used to look further up inside your nose and sinuses. https://youtu.be/zeeCA4-rU88https://youtu.be/txHWSgyA01Ahttps://youtu.be/qmPM4MPo5Zk Other tests to check whether you have chronic rhinosinusitis: learn more here Test how your lungs are working: there are several breathing tests to evaluate how well your lungs are working. The most commonly performed lung function tests are spirometry and peak flow measurements. Spirometry tests measure the amount of air you can blow out in one forced breath. A peak flow test is performed to measure how fast you can blow air out of your lungs. https://youtu.be/hgdjZg022bYhttps://youtu.be/DzfF1dfT6_Q Other tests to check whether you have asthma: learn more here Disclaimer This website does not provide medical advice. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images, and other material contained on this website is for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider. EUFOREA is not a medical organisation and cannot provide specific medical advice to patients via the Internet and/or E-mail. All patients are encouraged to direct their specific questions to their personal physicians. EUFOREA presents this information to patients so that patients can understand and participate in their own medical care. EUFOREA strongly emphasises that the information contained on this website is not a substitute for thorough evaluation and treatment by a qualified healthcare provider. Copyright © 2025 – EUFOREA – All rights reserved. All content on this portal, such as text, graphics, logos and images, is the property of EUFOREA. They may not be reproduced, copied, published, stored, modified or used in any form, online or offline, without prior written permission of EUFOREA. Overview How does your GP diagnose allergic rhinitis?How does a specialist diagnose allergic rhinitis?

Preparing your AR consultation

Back Preparing for your first consultation Many people who start to experience symptoms of hay fever (also known as allergic rhinitis) try to manage the condition themselves at first. This may include avoiding allergens, using saline rinses for the nose, or trying certain medicines that can be bought without a prescription. Your pharmacist can help you choose the most suitable options.Some people prefer to visit their doctor straight away instead of using self management or pharmacy support. A pharmacist may also advise you to see a doctor if your symptoms do not clearly point to hay fever, or if you show any symptoms that require further medical assessment. When you visit your doctor for the first time, it can be helpful to bring someone with you, such as a family member or friend. They can ask questions you may not think of, write down important information, and help you remember what was discussed. If you feel anxious or overwhelmed, having someone with you can offer valuable support.You can also ask your doctor for permission to record the consultation on your mobile telephone so that you can listen again afterwards and do not miss any details.Below, you will find a guide that you can download and use to prepare for your first consultation. Download the First Consultation Guide Preparing for your follow-up consultation We’ve also developed a separate patient guide to help you get ready for your next visit with your doctor (follow-up). It explains when to see your doctor, helps you reflect on your health, decide what’s important to you to discuss, and check how well your treatment is working—including both benefits and any side effects. It also reminds you what items to bring to your follow-up appointment. By preparing, you can feel more confident, use your time with your doctor efficiently, and take charge of your health. Download the Follow-Up Consultation Guide Disclaimer This website does not provide medical advice. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images, and other material contained on this website is for informational purposes only. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider. EUFOREA is not a medical organisation and cannot provide specific medical advice to patients via the Internet and/or E-mail. All patients are encouraged to direct their specific questions to their personal physicians. EUFOREA presents this information to patients so that patients can understand and participate in their own medical care. EUFOREA strongly emphasises that the information contained on this website is not a substitute for thorough evaluation and treatment by a qualified healthcare provider. Copyright © 2025 – EUFOREA – All rights reserved. All content on this portal, such as text, graphics, logos and images, is the property of EUFOREA. They may not be reproduced, copied, published, stored, modified or used in any form, online or offline, without prior written permission of EUFOREA. Overview Preparing for your consultationYour follow-up consultation

Symptoms

Back Typical symptoms Symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR) vary from person to person and may fluctuate over time, even in the same individual. The term ‘rhinitis’ refers to nasal problems, but many people are also affected by symptoms of the eyes, mouth, throat, and ears. Nasal symptoms: nasal congestion sneezing, often in sudden bouts of repeated sneezing runny and/or itchy nose mucus dripping down the back of the throat (postnasal drip) Eyes: itchy, watery, and/or red eyes: In some people, allergens also cause reactions in the eyes, causing an inflammatory reaction, referred to as allergic conjunctivitis. “allergic shiners”: Some people also experience discolorations of the skin beneath the eyes. When you have allergies, your nose gets blocked and inflamed. This slows down normal blood flow in the small veins under your eyes. Because the skin there is very thin, the blood shows through and makes the area look dark, bluish, or purple, medically referred to as “allergic shiners”. Mouth – Throat: itching of the tongue, roof of the mouth, and/or throat rarely, sore throat Ears: the Eustachian tube joining the back of the nose to the middle ear (the air-filled chamber located directly behind the eardrum, acting as a bridge between the outer ear and the inner ear) is often involved in the allergic inflammation, particularly in children. This makes it difficult to equalize pressure in the ears, for example when a plane descends. This leads to ear discomfort and popping. Glue ear (temporary deafness due to middle ear fluid) is also more common in children with AR and is helped by effective AR treatment. Sinuses: the sinus linings can also swell with allergen exposure, leading to facial discomfort and making infection more likely. This happens because congestion reduces the normal drainage of mucus from the sinuses, allowing viruses or bacteria to become trapped, potentially leading to infection. Chest: AR can make the lining of the lower airways more irritable, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Effective treatment of AR helps prevent this and stops nerve signals that can trigger irritation in the lower airways. Allergic rhinitis also occurs in many people with asthma, where inflammation is already present in the lower airways. In this situation, both the upper and lower airways require treatment. Speak with your healthcare provider if you experience any chest symptoms. Impact of symptoms Although allergic rhinitis is sometimes brushed off as a minor nuisance, it is a medical condition that can greatly affect daily life. Symptoms are often described by patients as bothersome, and they can disturb sleep, leaving people feeling tired during the day and making it harder to concentrate or think clearly. Many people find that their work or school performance suffers. Seasonal AR is associated with reduced grades in adolescents taking major examinations. Allergic rhinitis can have a major impact on overall quality of life if it is not well controlled with medical treatment. Moreover, when not properly treated, allergic rhinitis can increase the risk of related conditions, including ear infections, sinus infections, and asthma. Poorly controlled allergic rhinitis may worsen asthma symptoms and increase exacerbations. VIDEO HERE : testimonial videos by AR patients recorder at GAD/PEARL Classification of symptoms Healthcare professionals often classify allergic rhinitis based on how often symptoms occur and how much they affect daily life. This classification helps guide decisions about the most appropriate treatment. Although this classification system has its merits, it has also been criticised by the scientific community. For example, someone with symptoms 3 days a week all year round would technically be “intermittent”, even though their symptoms act more like persistent ones. When allergen contact is intermittent the initial nasal symptoms can be dramatic with sneezing, itching and runny nose. When allergen exposure is persistent the major symptom is often nasal blockage, with mucus dripping down the back of the throat (post-nasal drip), and the diagnosis can be sometimes be missed. What to do? A. When you first notice symptoms: self-management Allergic rhinitis is often self-managed with the support of a pharmacist, though you can always see your GP early on if you’d like a confirmed diagnosis and treatment guidance. The pharmacist can help determine whether your symptoms are likely caused by allergic rhinitis or another condition and guide you toward appropriate self-management options. Pharmacists are also trained to recognize when a referral to a GP is needed. “Red-flag” symptoms that warrant a doctor’s visit: NOSE: one-sided nasal symptoms isolated nasal obstruction or isolated rhinorrhoea (especially when only occurring on one side and worse when bending over) pain loss of smell recurrent nose bleeds EYES: symptoms affecting only one eye burning rather than itchy eyes sensitivity to light, swelling, decreased vision. If severe this could be orbital cellulitis, which needs emergency treatment CHEST: new-onset wheezing in the absence of a cold shortness of breath persistent cough poor symptom control of known asthma If none of the above-mentioned “red flag symptoms” are present then you could self-treat, using the EUFOREA Patient Journey algorithm as a guide. Step 1:Important first steps are to avoid as far as possible those things that you find cause your symptoms. This could be an allergen or another non-specific trigger, like cigarette smoke. Find out more about these strategies in the Lifestyle and Prevention module. Step 2: Nasal saline rinsing helps keep your nose clean and reduce symptoms, making this a useful daily support in your allergic rhinitis self management. Step 3: If these avoidance measures and rinsing with nasal saline are insufficient to control your symptoms, you could add a medicine from the list below. They are available over-the-counter in most countries. Treatment options are:– nasal corticosteroid sprays– non-sedating antihistamine tablets– nasal antihistamine sprays In the self-management of allergic rhinitis: AVOID decongestants and sedating antihistamines. Find out more information about each of these treatment options in our dedicated Treatment module. All treatments for allergic rhinitis — including for people with intermittent symptoms — work best when taken consistently on a daily basis, starting before your symptoms

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